SEMANTICS

 SEMANTICS

I. Meaning:

 Beside the meaning in language, semantics also has some other aspect of meaning. Instead of agree with the subjective or personal meaning, the lesson focus on the widely accepted objective or factual meaning of words.

 This distinction is categorized in term of referential meaning as opposed to associated or emotive meaning. Referential meaning covers the types of meaning that dictionaries are designed to describe.

II. Semantic Features:

 In term of semantic features, a word features components that are called meaning components. These features help to provide specific aspects of  meaning and defferentiate between words.

III. Semantic Roles:

 Words have different roles based on the situation described by a sentence. 

*Agent and Theme:

 The entity that perform the action is knew as Agent.

 The entity that is involved or affected in the the action is knew as Theme. 

*Instrument and Experiencer:

 If an Agent uses another entity in order to perform the an, that other entity is performing the role of Instrument.

 If a noun phrase is used to designate an entity that has feeling, perception or state, that noun phrase is performing the role of Experiencer.

*Location, Source and Goal:

 Semantic roles designate where an entity is in the description of an event is performing the role Location, where the entity moves from is called Source and where it moves to is called Goal.

III. Lexical relation: 

 Besides explaining the meaning of words through the term semantic features, They can also be characterized in terms of the relationship of them with other words such as the identical in meaning, the opposite or how a word references a larger context. These semantic descriptions are treated as the analysis of lexical relation.

*Synonymy:

 Two or more words with very closely related meaning are called synonyms.

 Example: hide/conceal, stupid/dumb, look/observe,...

*Antonymy:

 Two or more words with opposite meaning are called antonyms.

 Example: hide/reveal, stupid/smart, look/ignore,...

*Hyponymy:

 A word's meaning cover the meaning of another related word is described as hyponyms.

 Example: vehicle/car, job/doctor, building/stadium,...

*Homophones and Homonyms:

 When two differents words have a similar pronunciation, they are called homophones.

 Example: bed/beg, how/howl, went/when,...

 When a word have multiple meaning, it is called a homonym.

 Example: bank = (two side of a river/a building), bat = (a sport equipment/a mammal animal), race = (a competition/ethnic group)

*Polysemy:

 When a word have multiple meaning, and the meanings are related by the extension of the core meaning. It is described as polysemy.

 Example: foot = (foot of a human/foot of a mountain), head = (head of a train/head of a snake), run = (run a program/run an investigation)

*Metonymy:

 Using words to refer to another word based on the close connection in everyday experience is an example of metonymy.

 Example: The hospital has successfully complete the operation. (hospital = surgeons)

                 The whole house was shocked by the father's decision. (house = family)

                 The city is over-crowded with filth. (filth = trash)

IV. Collocation:

 Refer to words or phrases frequently occur toghether in daily speaking. Such as, egg and ham, salt and pepper or everyday phrases like what are you doing? and how are you?